This 2021 article by Bailey and colleagues reviews how mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are being used as therapeutic agents. The authors discuss the biology, mechanisms, and clinical relevance of these vesicles across multiple disease areas.

This paper is a useful reference for anyone wanting a current and rigorous overview of where extracellular vesicle therapy stands and where it is going.

This is a research reference from our clinical library. Approved by the Chambers Clinic Team — last reviewed May 28, 2026.